The present study examined the effect of visual information on postural sway during a pistol aiming. Ten female expert pistol shooters and ten novice college students were tested in three experimental tasks; 1) looking at a target 10m away 2) aiming at the target with a pistol and 3) aiming at the target with a laser beam pistol. While the subjects performed three tasks, the center of foot pressure (CP) on an AMTI force platform was measured. The results revealed the novice did not show any significant task effects on antero-posterior (AP) as well as medio-lateral (ML) sways. The expert pistol shooters showed different results. ML sway did not show a significant task effect. However, a significant task effect was found on AP sway. AP sway was smallest when aiming with a laser beam pistol. The AP sway was smaller when aiming with a pistol than when looking at a target. These results indicate that the expert shooters used the visual information differently from the novice. The difference in the use of visual information was related to the accuracy function of body sway. In addition, the present results suggested that the laser beam information during a pistol aiming improves an aiming accuracy. However, the effect is limited to expert shooters.

The purpose of this study was to assess how leadership types affected empowerment and organizational commitment. Data were collected from 440 sport leaders in Korea and analyzed with two-way MANOVA, Pearson`s correlation analysis, and stepwise regression. The findings were summarized as follows. First, there were no sex differences by leadership types, but male coaches had higher scores on ``meaning`` and ``competence`` among the sub-factors of empowerment and on continuance commitment and normative commitment compared with female coaches. Second, coaches with high experience had higher scores on task and transformational leadership and on all the sub-factors of empowerment and organizational commitment. Third, all the sub-factors of leadership, empowerment and organizational commitment had positive correlations with one another, but no significant correlation with continuance commitment. Fourth, stepwise regression revealed transformational leadership had a significant influence on all the sub-factors of empowerment and emotional commitment and normative commitment. Relation leadership significantly influenced ``impact,`` ``self-determination`` among the sub-factors of empowerment, affective commitment and normative commitment. Last, affective commitment had a positive influence on ``impact`` and ``meaning`` and ``continuance commitment`` on ``meaning`` and ``normative commitment`` on ``meaning``.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of exercise self-efficacy, leisure constraints and leisure constraints negotiation on physical activity. To obtain this goal mediation analysis, moderation analysis and moderated mediation analysis were performed. Two hundred and forty two university students completed self-administered questionnaires measuring exercise self-efficacy, leisure constraints, leisure constraints negotiation and physical activity. The reliability coefficients of scales measuring exercise self-efficacy, leisure constraints, leisure constraints negotiation were found to be satisfactory with Cronbach`s alpha higher than .9. The results indicated that: (1) the effect of exercise self-efficacy on physical activity was partially mediated by leisure constraints; (2) the leisure constraints-leisure constraints negotiation interaction term was statistically significant, which means leisure constraints negotiation moderates the relationship between leisure constraints and physical activity; (3) moderated mediation happened because the mediating effect of leisure constraints between exercise self-efficacy and physical activity was moderated by leisure constraints negotiation.

This study was conducted for the purpose of searching differences of stress hardness and dancing stress in accordance with korean dance, modern dance, ballet that high school students major in dance experience in situation of learning dance, verifying relationship between stress hardness and dancing stress. thus, we collected subjects with 184 enrolled high school students in art and dance school, analysing data based on study procedure and standard of data analysis. according to analysis, in verification for difference of dancing stress along with their major, students who major in Korean Dance have experienced a bit higher dancing stress than students majoring in modern dance, highly have perceiving level of hardness about stress than students of modern dance following test for difference of stress hardness. finally, as a result of relationship between stress hardness and dancing stress via canonical correlation analysis, it appeared in multiple relation to coach dissatisfaction and lack of dancing achievement, stress factor of physique dissatisfaction, academic competence and promoting of exercise. therefore, we discussed these results referring to previous studies of stress hardness and dancing stress.

The purpose of this study was to verify the difference of physical self-perception and sport commitment according to cadet`s grade, circle activities, and strength grade and verify the relationship between the two factors. In the study, the questionnaire for figuring out demographic traits, the level of sport commitment, and physical self-perception was modified for the intended subjects. As the result of conducting multivariate analysis of variance and multiple regression analysis on collected data using SPSSWIN, in case of physical self-perception according to grade showed a significant difference in attractive body shape among the sub-factors and sport commitment showed a significant difference in cognitive commitment. Physical self-perception according to circle activities showed a significant difference in sports ability, attractive body shape, and strength and sport commitment showed a significant difference in cognitive and behavioral commitment. Also, physical self-perception according to strength grade showed a significant difference in all the sub-factors and sport commitment showed a significant difference in cognitive commitment. Moreover, The study on causal relationship between physical self-perception and sport commitment revealed that the sub-factors of physical self-perception such as sports ability and physical condition had an impact on cognitive and behavioral commitment.

The purpose of this study was to test a factorial invariance and latent means of the Expectancy-Value Questionnaire in Physical Education made of four factors with fourteen items, based on a version translated into the physical education setting from the Self- and Task-Perception Questionnaire(Eccles & Wigfield, 1995). Participants were 1,236 boys and girls secondary school students. Results of confirmatory factor analyses showed satisfactory measurement model fit for all students (x2=255.86, df=71, p<.000, Q=3.60, RMR=.048, GFI=.935, TLI= .953, CFI=.963, RMSEA=.071). Multi-group factor analyses examining configural, metric, scalar, and factor-variance invariance model produced good model fit across gender and grades. Results of latent mean analysis indicated that all sub-factors of internal interest, importance, utility, and expectancy/ability-related beliefs were higher in boys than girls and were lower in high school students than middle school students. In conclusion, the results indicated that this questionnaire can be used commonly for all of secondary students, and its latent mean differs across gender and grades.

It has been reported that the cerebellum plays an important role in balance, posture stability, and locomotion. The purpose of this study was to examine step characteristics of obstacle crossings in patients(n=9) who had damages in the cerebellum and showed cerebellar ataxia as compared with normal controls(n=9). Two different obstacle heights(5cm and 15cm) were used to measure foot clearance, take-off distance, landing distance, foot abduction, and step velocity. The results indicated that patients with cerebellar disease exhibited higher foot clearance and shorter take-off and landing distance from obstacles shaping ``square`` foot trajectory than normal controls. They also increased foot abduction probably to elevate foot over obstacles and showed decreased step velocity. It is feasible that these kinematic characteristics might be a strategy to compensate for their movement abnormalities due to cerebellar disease and improve the safety of locomotion during obstacle crossings.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the counterfactual thinking for win & lose, counterfactual difference between implicit belief and relationship to each variables. Athletes in university(n=243) were participated and completed 3 questionnaires such as implicit belief, self-handicapping and counterfactual thinking. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, correlation and regression analysis were conducted for data analysis. The results are as follows. First, most athletes revealed ``if I had capablility, I should be doing well``. A upward counterfactual thinking is the main thinking regardless of win & lose. Second, A upward counterfactual thinking was differentiated according to the level of self-handicapping and implicit belief. Third, A upward counterfactual thinking is closely related to the implicit belief and self-handicapping and these varibles influenced upward counterfactual thinking. We discussed the relationship between cognition, motivation and counterfactual thinking, and finally suggested the development questionnaire and meaning of counterfactual thininking in sprot contexts.

The current study aimed at identifying the effect of individual, social, and physical environment variables on older adults` physical activity. A total of 290 older adults over 65 years old (male=87, female=203, Mage=68.56, SD=6.79) were recruited from S-gu in Seoul. Stage of physical activity scale, self-efficacy scale, decisional balance scale, social support scale, and physical environment scale were applied in the study. Results indicated that most of older adults participated in regular physical activity (70.7%, n=200) and there were not significant differences in the stage of physical activity between sex, education level, and residence types. In addition, older adults`s self-efficacy, perceived exercise benefits, family support, physical environment were significant different by the stage of physical activity. The social-ecological constructs had significant effect to explain the stage of physical activity and of them self-efficacy was the best predictor. The findings of the study will be useful to design a supportive environmental strategy based on modifying individual`s psychological attributes to promote physical activity participation.

Self-regulation of a dancer is a series of process that controls his/her recognition, behaviors, and emotions targeting successful dance performance. Dance Self-Regulation Test (DSRT) in previous research (Siwan Han & Jin Yoo, 2008) is a general long-form multi-dimensional assessment (55 items) on self-regulation. This study aims to develop Dance Self-Regulation Test-Short form (DSRT-S) based on the DSRT of which feasibility was validated. It also aims to assess the changes in self-regulation of dancers. Research 1 forms short scales (14 items) as a shortened version of the long-form scale and assesses long scale and short scale on 650 dancers. These two scales were confirmed to be proper in the aspects of distribution, reliability and correlation. Also, it was re-confirmed that short scales can be used as a shortened version of long scales through the validation of measurement invariance (factor loading). Research 2 measured self-regulation of 265 dancers four times repeatedly with short scales and confirmed that the changes in self-regulation increased linearly. The result suggested that when long scales cannot be used due to many restrictions on multi-dimensional structure, use of short scales can be an actual alternative. It discussed the changes in self-regulation in dance situation in the aspect of development.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of knowledge of result types (good trial & poor trials) and physical & observational practices on learning in a temporal timing. Participants were 40 students. They were divided into 4 groups which consisted of 10 subjects, which were good_physical group, good_observational group, poor_physical group and poor_observational group. Experimental task is to match the length of the visual information using the ``J`` and ``F`` key of computer keyboard as temporal timing task. All Participants performed timing task at a pretest and the physical-practice groups (good_physical group and poor_physical group) performed a timing task at acquisition phase. After approximately 24 hours, all participants performed a retention and a transfer phase. The results are as follows. Firstly, there was no significant difference between groups on relative and absolute timing errors at pretest phase. Secondly, the relative and absolute timing errors were decreased overall at acquisition phase. Thirdly, the good_group resulted in superior retention and transfer performance compared to the poor_group. However, the absolute timing indicated no main effects on knowledge of result types (physical & onservational) or information types (good & poor), and no interaction effects between two independent variables.

The purpose of this study was to examine the moderated effects of students` achievement goals and self-efficacy on achievement emotions in physical education classes. The participants were 447 middle school students (232 boys, 215 girls). For data, confirmatory factory analysis, one-way MANOVA, correlation, and moderated hierarchical regression analyses were conducted. The results of hierarchical regression analysis revealed the perceptions of mastery-approach goal and self-efficacy to be important predictors of positive activating emotions including enjoyment, hope, and pride, as well as mastery-avoidance and performance- avoidance goals to be predictors of negative activating emotions including anger, anxiety, shame, and negative deactivating emotions including hopelessness and boredom. Significant interaction effects for mastery-approach ×performance-approach goals in positive and negative activating emotions, and for mastery-approach× performance-avoidance goals in negative activating emotions emerged. In addition, three-way interactions between mastery-approach, performance-approach, and self-efficacy in positive activating emotions, between mastery-avoidance, performance-avoidance, and self-efficacy in both negative activating and deactivating emotions, and between performance-approach, mastery-avoidance, and self-efficacy in negative deactivating emotions emerged. These results suggest that investigating the potential interplay between both approach and avoidance goals and the moderating effect of self-efficacy may contribute our better understanding of motivation and achievement emotions experienced by students in physical education.

The purpose of this study is to develop the scale of stress of youth boxers and to verify its validity. For this an open-ended survey was carried out targeting 226 of young boxers who participated in the 60th National Middle and High School Boxing Championship. Based on the data acquired through the survey, a questionnaire composed of 58 items was prepared and then this questionnaire was applied to the survey carried out targeting 183 boxers who participated in the 22nd National Boxing Federation Championship, and the scale or questionnaire composed of 21 items was developed on the basis of the measurement of the validity and reliability of the scale through descriptive statistical analysis and questioning factor analysis. After the scale or the questionnaire was discussed with three experts, one item in the negative personal relationship factors was removed and three items in the factors of weight-control were added and the scale composed of 23 items was reconstructed. The survey, in which this scale was used, was carried out targeting 154 boxers including 109 boxers who participated in the 25th National Sports High School Boxing Competition and 45 middle school boxers from Chungnam and Chungbuk province, Daejeon city, Gangwon and Jeonnam province. Through the descriptive statistical analysis, questioning factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis of the results of the survey, the scale composed of four factors such as such as negative personal relation, complains about the result of boxing matches, excessive exercise, weight-control and of 23 items for measurement of youh boxers` stress was finally developed and decided.

This study aims to investigate character image embedded in Salpulyi dance by extracting character image experienced in Salpulyi dance performances with image characteristic terminology. To this end, we have extracted personality characteristic term from 10 Salpulyi dance majors, and carried out a series of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) aimed at 120 people to explore multi-dimensional structure in Salpulyi dance image character. Through these analytical researches, 95 Salpulyi dance personality characteristic terms are found to have connotations of 10 factors and 50 terms which were eventually resolved into 7 factors and 21 terms. In addition, it was verified that personality characteristic structure inherent in Salpulyi dance can be better explained by hierarchical structure model with an emphasis on vitalizing nature of tension and relaxation, rather than first-order or other higher-order structure model. Finally, we compared our results of a hierarchical characteristics in Salpulyi dnace image character with those of previous studies, and discussed the emotional dynamic and ceremonial good training of Salpulyi dance image.